Fields Virology, 3rd edition, Raven Press, Philadelphia, 1323–1341, 1996; Mahey and Collier eds. Microbiology and последние данные о коронавирусе на 11 февраля Microbial Infections , Volume 1 Virology, 9 th edition, Oxford University Press, 463–479, 1998). Coronavirus infections are generally host specific with respect to infectivity and clinical symptoms. Coronaviruses further exhibit marked tissue tropism; infection in the incorrect host species or tissue type may result in an abortive infection, mutant virus production and altered virulence.
Coronaviruses generally do not grow well in cell culture, and animal models for human coronavirus infection are lacking. Therefore, little is known about them (Fields et al. Fields Virology, 3rd edition, Raven Press, Philadelphia, 1323–1341, 1996). The known human coronaviruses are notably fastidious in cell culture, preferring select cell lines, organ culture, or suckling mice for propagation. Coronaviruses grown in cell culture exhibit varying degrees of virulence and/or cytopathic effect (CPE) depending on the host cell type and culture conditions. The only human or animal coronavirus which has been shown to grow in Vero E6 cells is PEDV, and последние данные о коронавирусе на 11 февраля it requires the addition of trypsin to culture medium for growth in Vero E6 cells. Moreover, PEDV adapted to Vero E6 cell culture results последние данные о коронавирусе на 11 февраля in a strikingly different CPE, with cytoplasmic vacuoles and the formation of large syncytia (Hofmann and Wyler, J.
Coronavirus have not previously been known to cause severe disease in humans, but have been identified as a major cause of upper respiratory tract illness, including the common cold.
Repeat infections in humans are common within and across serotype, suggesting that immune response to coronavirus infection in humans is either incomplete or short lived.
Coronavirus infection in animals can cause severe enteric or последние данные о коронавирусе на 11 февраля respiratory disease. Vaccination has been used successfully to prevent and control some coronavirus infections in animals. The ability of animal-specific coronaviruses to cause severe disease raises the possibility that coronavirus could also cause more severe disease in humans (Fields et al. Fields Virology, 3rd edition, Raven Press, Philadelphia, 1323–1341, 1996; Mahey and Collier eds. Microbiology and Microbial Infections , Volume 1 Virology, 9 th edition, последние данные о коронавирусе на 11 февраля Oxford University Press, 463–479, 1998).
In late 2002, cases of life-threatening respiratory disease with no identifiable последние данные о коронавирусе на 11 февраля последние данные о коронавирусе на 11 февраля etiology were reported from Guangdong Province, China, followed by reports from Vietnam, Canada, and Hong Kong последние данные о коронавирусе на 11 февраля of severe febrile respiratory illness that spread to household members and health care workers.
The syndrome was designated “severe acute respiratory syndrome” (SARS) in последние данные о коронавирусе на 11 февраля February 2003 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( MMWR, 52:241–48, 2003). Past efforts to develop rapid diagnostics and vaccines for coronavirus infection in humans have been hampered by a lack of appropriate research models and the moderate course of disease in humans. Therefore, a need последние данные о коронавирусе на 11 февраля for rapid diagnostic tests and vaccines exists. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE A newly isolated human coronavirus последние данные о коронавирусе на 11 февраля has been identified as the causative agent of SARS, and is termed SARS-CoV. The nucleic acid последние данные о коронавирусе на 11 февраля sequence of the SARS-CoV genome and the amino acid sequences of the SARS-CoV open reading frames are provided herein. This disclosure provides methods and compositions useful in detecting the presence of a SARS-CoV nucleic acid in a sample and/or diagnosing a SARS-CoV infection in a subject. Also provided are methods and compositions useful in detecting the presence of a SARS-CoV antigen or antibody in a sample and/or diagnosing a SARS-CoV infection in a subject.
The foregoing and other features and advantages will become more apparent from the following detailed description of several embodiments, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures. 1A–B are photomicrographs illustrating typical early cytopathic effects seen with coronavirus isolates and serum from SARS patients. 1A is a photomicrograph of Vero E6 cells inoculated with an oropharyngeal specimen from a SARS patient (?40). 1B is a photomicrograph of infected Vero E6 cells reacting with the serum of a convalescent SARS patient in an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) assay (?400). 2A–B are electronmicrographs illustrating ultrastructural characteristics of the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV).
2A is a thin-section electron-microscopical view of viral nucleocapsids aligned along the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (arrow) as particles bud into the cisternae. Enveloped virions have surface projections (arrowhead) and an electron-lucent center. Directly under the viral envelope lies a characteristic ring formed by the helical nucleocapsid, often seen in cross-section. 2B is a negative stain (methylamine tungstate) electronmicrograph showing stain-penetrated coronavirus particle with the typical internal helical nucleocapsid-like structure and club-shaped surface projections surrounding the periphery of the particle.
3 is an estimated maximum parsimony tree illustrating putative phylogenetic relationships between SARS-CoV and other human and animal последние данные о коронавирусе на 11 февраля coronaviruses.
Phylogenetic relationships are based on sequence alignment of 405 nucleotides of the coronavirus polymerase gene ORF1b (nucleic acid 15,173 to 15,578 of SEQ ID NO: 1). The three major coronavirus antigenic groups (I, II and III), represented by HcoV-229E, CCoV, FIPV, TGEV, PEDV, HcoV-OC43, BCoV, HEV, SDAV, MHV, TCoV, and IBV-Avian, are shown shaded.
