It is further to be understood that all nucleotide sizes or amino acid sizes, and all molecular weight or molecular mass values, given for nucleic acids or polypeptides are approximate, and are provided for description. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including explanations of terms, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. In order to facilitate review of the сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января various embodiments of this disclosure, the following explanations of specific terms are provided: Adjuvant: A substance that non-specifically enhances the immune response to an antigen. Development of vaccine adjuvants for use in humans is reviewed in Singh et al. 17:1075–1081, 1999), which discloses that, at the time of its publication, aluminum salts and the MF59 microemulsion are the only vaccine adjuvants approved for human use. Amplification: Amplification of a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a DNA or RNA molecule) refers to use of a laboratory technique that increases the number of copies of a nucleic acid molecule in сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января a sample. An example of amplification is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in which a sample is contacted with a pair of oligonucleotide primers under conditions that allow for the hybridization of the primers to a nucleic acid template in the sample. The сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января primers are extended under suitable conditions, dissociated from the template, re-annealed, сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января extended, and dissociated to amplify the number of copies of the nucleic acid. The product of amplification can be characterized by such techniques as electrophoresis, restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns, oligonucleotide hybridization or ligation, and/or nucleic acid sequencing. Other examples of amplification methods include strand displacement amplification, as disclosed in U.S. 5,744,311; transcription-free isothermal amplification, as disclosed in U.S. 6,033,881; сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января repair chain reaction amplification, as disclosed in WO 90/01069; ligase chain reaction amplification, as disclosed in EP-A-320,308; gap filling ligase chain сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января reaction amplification, as disclosed in U.S. 5,427,930; and NASBA™ RNA transcription-free amplification, as disclosed in U.S. An amplification method can be modified, including for example by additional steps or coupling the amplification with another protocol. Animal: Living multi-cellular vertebrate organisms, a category that includes, for example, mammals and birds.
The term сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января mammal includes both human and non-human mammals. Similarly, the term “subject” сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января includes both human and veterinary subjects, for example, humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats, horses, and cows.
Antibody: A protein (or protein complex) that includes one or more polypeptides substantially encoded by immunoglobulin genes or fragments of immunoglobulin genes. The recognized immunoglobulin genes include the kappa, lambda, alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon, and mu constant region genes, as well as the myriad immunoglobulin variable region genes.
Light chains are classified as either kappa or lambda.
Heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon, which in turn define the immunoglobulin classes, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE, respectively. The basic immunoglobulin (antibody) structural unit is generally a tetramer. Each tetramer is composed of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one “light” (about 25 kDa) and one “heavy” (сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января about 50–70 kDa) chain. The N-terminus of each chain defines a сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января variable region of about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily responsible for antigen recognition.
The terms “variable light chain” (V L ) and “variable heavy chain” (V H ) refer, respectively, to these light and heavy chains. As used herein, the term “antibodies” includes intact immunoglobulins as well as a number of well-characterized fragments. For сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января instance, Fabs, Fvs, and single-chain Fvs (SCFvs) that bind to target сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января protein (or epitope within a protein or fusion protein) would also be specific binding agents for that protein (or epitope).
These antibody fragments are defined as follows: (1) Fab, the fragment which contains a monovalent antigen-binding fragment of an antibody molecule produced by digestion of whole antibody with the enzyme papain to yield an intact light chain and a portion of one heavy chain; (2) Fab?, the fragment of an antibody molecule obtained by treating whole antibody with pepsin, followed by reduction, to yield an intact light chain and a portion of the heavy chain; two Fab? fragments сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января are obtained per antibody molecule; (3) (Fab?) 2 , the fragment of сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января the antibody obtained by treating whole antibody with the enzyme pepsin without subsequent reduction; (4) F(ab?) 2 , a dimer of two Fab? fragments held together by two disulfide bonds; (5) Fv, a genetically engineered fragment containing the variable region of the light chain and the variable region of the heavy chain expressed as two chains; and (6) single chain antibody, a genetically engineered molecule containing the variable region of the light chain, the variable region of the heavy chain, linked by a suitable polypeptide linker as a genetically fused single chain molecule. Methods of making these fragments are routine (see, for example, Harlow and Lane, Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual , CSHL, New York, 1999). Antibodies for use in the сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января methods and devices of this disclosure can be monoclonal or polyclonal. Merely by way of example, monoclonal antibodies can be prepared from murine hybridomas according to the classical method of Kohler and Milstein ( Nature 256:495–97, 1975) or derivative methods thereof.
Detailed procedures for monoclonal antibody production are described in Harlow and Lane, Using сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual , CSHL, New York, 1999.
Antigen: A compound, composition, or substance that can stimulate the production of antibodies or a T-cell response in an animal, including compositions that are injected or absorbed into an animal.
An antigen reacts with the products of specific humoral or cellular immunity, including those induced by heterologous сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января immunogens. In one embodiment, an antigen is a coronavirus antigen. Binding сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января or Stable Binding: An oligonucleotide binds or stably binds to a target nucleic acid if a sufficient amount of the oligonucleotide forms base pairs or is hybridized to its target nucleic acid, to permit detection of that binding. Binding can be detected by either physical or functional properties of the target:oligonucleotide complex. Binding between a target and an oligonucleotide can be detected by any procedure known to one skilled in the art, including functional or physical binding assays. Binding can be detected functionally by determining whether сколько человек заражено коронавирусом на 28 января binding has an observable effect upon a biosynthetic process such as expression of a gene, DNA replication, transcription, translation, and the like.
