Repeat infections in humans are common within and across serotype, suggesting that immune response to coronavirus infection in humans is either incomplete or short lived.
Coronavirus infection in animals can cause severe enteric or respiratory disease. Vaccination has been used successfully to prevent and control some coronavirus infections in animals. The ability of animal-specific coronaviruses to cause severe disease raises the possibility that coronavirus could also cause more severe disease in humans (Fields et al. Fields Virology, 3rd edition, опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус Raven Press, Philadelphia, 1323–1341, 1996; Mahey and Collier eds. Microbiology and Microbial Infections , Volume 1 Virology, 9 th edition, Oxford University Press, 463–479, 1998). In late 2002, cases of life-threatening respiratory disease with no identifiable etiology were reported from Guangdong опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус Province, China, followed by reports from Vietnam, Canada, and Hong опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус Kong of severe febrile respiratory illness that spread to household members and health care workers. The syndrome was designated “severe acute respiratory syndrome” (SARS) in February 2003 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( MMWR, 52:241–48, 2003). Past efforts to develop rapid diagnostics and vaccines for coronavirus infection in humans have been hampered by a lack of appropriate research models and the moderate course of disease in humans. Therefore, a need for rapid diagnostic tests and vaccines exists.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE A newly isolated human coronavirus has been identified as the causative agent of SARS, and is termed SARS-CoV.
The nucleic acid sequence of the SARS-CoV genome and the amino acid sequences of the SARS-CoV open reading frames опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус are provided herein. This disclosure provides methods and compositions useful опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус in detecting the presence of a SARS-CoV nucleic acid in a sample and/or diagnosing a SARS-CoV infection in a subject. Also provided are methods and compositions useful in detecting the опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус presence of a SARS-CoV antigen or antibody in a sample and/or diagnosing a SARS-CoV infection in a subject. The foregoing опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус and other features and advantages will become more apparent from опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус the following detailed description of several embodiments, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.
1A–B are photomicrographs illustrating typical early опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус cytopathic effects seen with coronavirus isolates and serum from SARS patients. 1A is a photomicrograph of Vero E6 cells inoculated with an oropharyngeal specimen from a SARS patient (?40). 1B is a photomicrograph of infected Vero E6 cells reacting with the serum of a convalescent SARS patient in an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) assay (?400). 2A–B are electronmicrographs illustrating ultrastructural characteristics of the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). 2A is a thin-section electron-microscopical view of viral nucleocapsids aligned along the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (arrow) as particles bud into the cisternae.
Enveloped virions have surface projections (arrowhead) and an electron-lucent center. Directly under the viral envelope lies a characteristic ring formed by the helical nucleocapsid, often seen in cross-section. 2B is a negative stain (methylamine tungstate) electronmicrograph showing stain-penetrated coronavirus опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус particle with the typical internal helical nucleocapsid-like structure and club-shaped опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус surface projections surrounding the periphery of the particle. 3 is an estimated maximum parsimony tree illustrating putative phylogenetic relationships between SARS-CoV and other human and animal coronaviruses. Phylogenetic relationships are based on sequence alignment of 405 nucleotides of the coronavirus polymerase опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус gene ORF1b (nucleic acid 15,173 to 15,578 of SEQ ID NO: 1). The three major coronavirus antigenic groups (I, II and III), represented by HcoV-229E, CCoV, FIPV, TGEV, PEDV, HcoV-OC43, BCoV, HEV, SDAV, MHV, TCoV, and IBV-Avian, are shown shaded.
Bootstrap values (100 replicates) obtained from a 50% majority rule consensus tree are plotted at the main internal branches of the phylogram. Branch lengths are proportionate to nucleotide differences. 4 is a pictorial representation of neighbor joining trees illustrating putative phylogenetic relationships between SARS-CoV and other human and animal coronaviruses. Amino acid sequences of the indicated SARS-CoV proteins опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус were compared with those from reference viruses representing each species in the three groups of coronaviruses for which complete genomic опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус sequence information was available [group 1: HCoV-229E (AF304460); PEDV (AF353511); опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус TGEV (AJ271965); group 2: BCoV (AF220295); MHV (AF201929); group 3: infectious bronchitis virus (M95169)].
Sequences for representative strains of other coronavirus species, for which partial sequence information was available, were included for some of the structural protein comparisons [group 1: CCoV (D13096); FCoV (AY204704); porcine respiratory coronavirus (Z24675); group 2: опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус HCoV-OC43 (M76373, L14643, M93390); HEV (AY078417); rat coronavirus (AF207551)]. Sequence опасно ли летать на самолетах коропасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус онавирус alignments and neighbor-joining trees were generated by using Clustalx опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус 1.83 with the Gonnet protein comparison matrix.
The resulting trees were adjusted for final output using treetool 2.0.1. 5A–C are photomicrographs illustrating diffuse alveolar damage in a patient with SARS ( FIGS. 5A–B ), and immunohistochemical staining of SARS-CoV-infected Vero E6 cells ( FIG.
5A is a photomicrograph of lung tissue from a SARS patient (?50).
Diffuse alveolar damage, abundant foamy macrophages and multinucleated syncytial cells are present; hematoxylin and опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус eosin stain was used. 5B is a higher magnification photomicrograph опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус of lung tissue from the same SARS patient (?250). Syncytial cells show no conspicuous viral inclusions. 5C is a photomicrograph of immunohistochemically stained SARS-CoV-infected cells (?250). Membranous and cytoplasmic immunostaining of individual and syncytial Vero E6 cells was achieved using feline anti-FIPV-1 ascitic fluid.
Immunoalkaline phosphatase with naphthol-fast red substrate and hematoxylin counter stain was used. 6A–B are electronmicrographs illustrating ultrastructural characteristics of a coronavirus-infected cell in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from a SARS patient. 6A is an electronmicrograph of a coronavirus-infected cell. Numerous intracellular and extracellular particles are present; virions are indicated by the arrowheads. 6B is a higher magnification electronmicrograph опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус of the area seen at the arrow in FIG. 7A–C illustrate the organization of the SARS-CoV genome. 7A is a опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус diagram of the overall organization of the 29,727-nt SARS-CoV genomic RNA. The 72-nt leader sequence is represented as a small rectangle at the left-most end. ORFs1a and 1b, encoding the nonstructural polyproteins, and those ORFs encoding the S, E, M, and N structural proteins, are indicated. Vertical position of the boxes indicates the phase of the reading frame (phase опасно ли летать на самолетах коронавирус 1 for proteins above the line, phase two for proteins on the line and phase three for proteins below the line).
