Although methods and materials similar or equivalent дошел ли коронавирус до уфы to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below.
All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In дошел ли коронавирус до уфы case of conflict, the present specification, including explanations of terms, will control.
In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. In order to facilitate review of the various embodiments of this disclosure, the following explanations of specific terms are provided: Adjuvant: A substance that non-specifically enhances the immune response to an antigen. Development of vaccine adjuvants for дошел ли коронавирус до уфы use in humans is reviewed in Singh et al. 17:1075–1081, 1999), which discloses that, at the time of its publication, aluminum salts and the MF59 microemulsion are the only vaccine adjuvants approved for human use. Amplification: Amplification of a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a DNA or RNA molecule) дошел ли коронавирус до уфы refers to use of a laboratory technique that дошел ли коронавирус до уфы increases the number of copies of a nucleic acid molecule in a sample. An example of amplification is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in which a sample is contacted with a pair of oligonucleotide primers under conditions that allow for the дошел ли коронавирус до уфы hybridization of the primers to a nucleic acid template in the sample. The primers are extended under suitable conditions, dissociated from the template, re-annealed, extended, and dissociated to amplify the number of copies of the nucleic acid.
The product of amplification can be characterized by such techniques as electrophoresis, restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns, oligonucleotide hybridization or ligation, and/or nucleic acid sequencing. Other examples of amplification methods include strand displacement amplification, as disclosed in U.S. 5,744,311; transcription-free isothermal amplification, as disclosed in U.S. 6,033,881; repair chain reaction amplification, as disclosed in WO 90/01069; ligase chain reaction amplification, as disclosed in EP-A-320,308; gap filling ligase chain reaction amplification, as disclosed in U.S. 5,427,930; and NASBA™ RNA transcription-free amplification, as disclosed in U.S. An amplification method can be modified, including for example by additional steps or coupling the amplification with another protocol. Animal: Living multi-cellular vertebrate organisms, a дошел ли коронавирус до уфы category that includes, for example, mammals and birds. The дошел ли коронавирус до уфы term mammal includes both human and non-human mammals. Similarly, the term “subject” includes both human and veterinary subjects, for example, humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats, horses, and cows.
Antibody: A protein (or protein complex) that includes one or more polypeptides substantially encoded by immunoglobulin genes or fragments of immunoglobulin genes. The recognized immunoglobulin genes include the kappa, lambda, alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon, and mu constant region genes, as well as the myriad immunoglobulin variable region genes. Light chains are classified as either kappa or lambda. Heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon, which in turn define the immunoglobulin classes, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE, respectively. The basic immunoglobulin (antibody) structural unit is generally a tetramer. Each tetramer is composed of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having one “light” (about 25 kDa) and one “heavy” (about 50–70 kDa) chain. The N-terminus of each chain defines a variable region of about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily responsible for antigen recognition. The terms “variable light chain” (V L ) and “variable heavy chain” (V H ) refer, respectively, to these light and дошел ли коронавирус до уфы heavy chains. As used herein, the term “antibodies” includes intact immunoglobulins as well as a number of well-characterized fragments. For instance, Fabs, Fvs, and single-chain Fvs (SCFvs) that bind to target protein (or epitope within a protein or fusion protein) would also be specific binding agents for that protein (дошел ли коронавирус до уфы or epitope). These antibody fragments are defined as follows: (1) Fab, the fragment which contains a monovalent antigen-binding fragment of an antibody molecule produced by digestion of whole antibody with the enzyme papain to yield an intact light chain and a portion of one heavy chain; (2) Fab?, the fragment of an antibody molecule obtained by treating whole antibody with pepsin, followed by reduction, to yield an intact light chain and a portion of the heavy chain; two Fab? fragments are obtained per antibody molecule; (3) (Fab?) 2 , the fragment of the antibody obtained by treating whole antibody with the enzyme pepsin without subsequent reduction; (4) F(дошел ли коронавирус до уфы ab?) 2 , a dimer of two Fab? fragments held together by two disulfide bonds; (5) Fv, дошел ли коронавирус до уфы a genetically engineered fragment containing the variable region of the light chain and the variable region of дошел ли коронавирус до уфы the heavy chain expressed as two chains; and (6) single chain antibody, a genetically engineered molecule containing the variable region of the light chain, дошел ли коронавирус до уфы the variable region of the heavy chain, linked by a suitable polypeptide linker as a genetically fused single chain molecule. Methods of making these fragments are routine (see, for example, Harlow and Lane, Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual , CSHL, New York, 1999).
